师说韩愈翻译及原文_师说韩愈ppt课件

师说

韩愈

古之学者必有师。师者，所以传道受业解惑也。人非生而知之者，孰能无惑？惑而不从师，其为惑也，终不解矣。生乎吾前，其闻道也，固先乎吾，吾从而师之；生乎吾后，其闻道也，亦先乎吾，吾从而师之。吾师道也，夫庸知其年之先后生于吾乎？是故无贵无贱，无长无少，道之所存，师之所存也。

嗟乎！师道之不传也久矣，欲人之无惑也难矣。古之圣人，其出人也远矣，犹且从师而问焉；今之众人，其下圣人也亦远矣，而耻学于师。是故圣益圣，愚益愚。圣人之所以为圣，愚人之所以为愚，其皆出于此乎？爱其子，择师而教之；于其身也，则耻师焉，惑矣。彼童子之师，授之书而习其句读者，非吾所谓传其道解其惑者也。句读之不知，惑之不解，或师焉，或不焉，小学而大遗，吾未见其明也。巫医、乐师、百工之人，不耻相师。士大夫之族，曰师曰弟子云者，则群聚而笑之。问之，则曰：“彼与彼年相若也，道相似也，位卑则足羞，官盛则近谀。”呜呼！师道之不复，可知矣。巫医、乐师、百工之人，君子不齿。今其智乃反不能及，其可怪也欤！

圣人无常师。孔子师郯子、苌弘、师襄、老聃。郯子之徒，其贤不及孔子。孔子曰：“三人行，则必有我师。”是故弟子不必不如师，师不必贤于弟子。闻道有先后，术业有专攻，如是而已。

李氏子蟠，年十七，好古文，六艺经传皆通习之，不拘于时，学于余。余嘉其能行古道，作《师说》以贻之。

On Teachers

Han Yu

In ancient times, all men who wanted to learn had teachers. A teacher is someone who deciphers truths, teaches skills, and clarifies misconceptions. Because no man is born cognizant, he must have misconceptions. If one his misconceptions, but never finds a teacher to clarify them, they will remain as misconceptions.

Anyone born before me naturally knows truths before I do, and I acknowledge them as my teacher. Anyone who is born after me but knows truths before I do, I also acknowledge him as my teacher. Because what I acknowledge is his knowledge of truths, no age factor is relevant. Therefore, where there is knowledge of truths, there is a teacher, in which no factor of nobility or ignobility, seniority or lack of seniority is involved.

However, this teacher-and-student tradition has long been broken. As a result, it is very hard nowadays to find people with no misconceptions. Ancient sages were far more intelligent than common people were, but those sages had teachers to consult. While today’s masses are far more unintelligent than ancient sages were, these massages are ashamed to learn from teachers. That is why sages are sager while ignoramuses are more ignorant. And that explains why sages are sages while ignoramuses are ignoramuses.

You love your children, and so you hire teachers for them, but you are ashamed to find teachers for yourself. This is a misconception itself! Your children’s teachers teach them how to read. What they teach is not what I mean by deciphering truths and clarifying misconceptions. When one does not know how to read, he consults teachers, but when one has misconceptions, he does not. This is to learn the trivial while neglecting the significant. I don’t see cleverness in this.

Physicians, musicians and artisans are not ashamed to seek teachers from each other to learn, but scholar-bureaucrats, on the contrary, would gather to laugh at those who talk about doing so. When asked why they laugh, they say, “He is about the same age as his teacher. Or he has about the same knowledge as his teacher.” To them, it is shameful to have a teacher of lower social rank but an honor to fawn on a teacher of higher social status. Alas! This shows how impossible it is to restore the teacher-and-student tradition. Those scholar-bureaucrats are no match for those physicians, musicians or artisans whose intelligence they disdain. This is indeed ridiculous!

A sage is not bound to one teacher. Confucius once learned from Tanzi, Changhong, Shixiang and Laodan, although he was not inferior to any of them. This is exactly like what he once described: “Of the tow walking with me, one can be my teacher.” Therefore, a student does not necessarily have to be inferior to his teacher and a teacher does not have to be superior to his student, as knowledge can be learnt earlier or later and skills can be focused on different among people. That’s all there is to it.

Pan, the son of the Li family, age 17, who is fond of classic Chinese and has perused the Six Classics, is not influenced by the current social tendency but has come to seek my education. To glorify his spirit in carrying forward the tradition, I am writing this prose, On Teachers, for him.

（徐英才 译）

On Teachers

Ancient scholars had to have teachers, who would pass on the Tao, teach them a profession, and dispel their ignorance. As men are not born wise, who can be free from ignorance? If men, being ignorant, do not seek after teachers, they will certainly remain ignorant for ever. Those who were born before me certainly have learned the Tao before me; I should therefor learn from them as my teachers. Those who were born after me may have learned the Tao before me; I should also learn from them as my teachers. As I learn the Tao, I need not ask whether my teacher is my senior or junior. Whether he is noble or common, older or younger, whoever knows the Tao can be a teacher.

Ah! Since men have long ceased learning from teachers, it is hard to expect them not to be ignorant. The ancient sages were far superior to common men, but they still sought learning from teachers. Men of today are far inferior to those sages, but they think it shameful to learn from teachers. This is why sages become more sage, while fools become more foolish. Is this the reason why some become sages and others fools? A man who loves his son selects a teacher for him, but considers it shameful to find one for himself. He is indeed ignorant. If a child’s teacher merely gives him a book and tells him how to read it, this is not the teacher I have in mind who passes on the Tao and dispels ignorance. If one learns from a teacher merely to read but not to dispel one’s ignorance, one learns the lesser and gives up the greater; I do not think that such a man is intelligent. Sorcerers, physicians, musicians, and artisans are not ashamed to learn from their teachers. If men of the intelligent class apply to themselves the expression of “teacher” and “pupil,” people will flock to laugh at them. If they are asked why, they will reply that these men are equal in age as well as in the Tao. If their teacher is of a lower rank, they are considered to be disgraced; if their teacher is of high position, they are considered to be flattering him. Ah! That the way of learning from a teacher cannot be recovered is now self-evident. Sorcerers, physicians, musicians, and artisans are usually despised by gentlemen, but the intelligence of the latter cannot be up to that of the former; is this not strange?

A sage has no constant teacher. Thus Confucius learned from teachers such as Yen Tzu, Chang Hung, Shih Hsiang, and Lao Tan, who were inferior to Confucius. Confucius said, “When walking in a party of three, there must be one who can teach me.” Therefore, pupils are not necessarily inferior to their teachers, nor are teachers necessarily better than their pupils. Some learn the Tao earlier than others, and some have special skills and others not—that is all.

Pan, son of the Li family, seventeen years old, is fond of ancient literature and is well versed in the six arts, the classics and commentaries, not confining himself to what is in vogue at present. He comes to study with me. As I praise him for carrying out the ancient Tao, I am writing this essay on teachers for him.

（Ch’u Chai and Winberg Chai 译）

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• 孔子